söndag 28 oktober 2007

Optimal beskattning

I New Yorker idag (eller imorgon, egentligen) finns en artikel om det illusoriska språk som omger politikers användning av teorin om Lafferkurvan, vilken i korthet säger att det av olika anledningar kan komma in mer skatteintäkter (i pengar, inte i andel) efter en skattesänkning. Artikeln menar att politiker (republikaner) i USA använder teorin som ett cirkelbevis för varför skattesänkningar är en win-win-situation - att det går att sänka skatterna och samtidigt inte behöva skära ner på offentliga utgifter (givet att man anser att nedskärningar på offentliga utgifter inte är önskvärt). Cirkeln sluts av att ekonomin (förhoppningsvis) går uppåt inom kort, vilket gör det svårt att visa kausalt att detta inte hade att göra med skattesänkningarna.

Ett exempel på när teorin om "optimal taxation" använts som ofta kommer upp är Ronald Reagans skattereformer under 80-talet. Det är fortfarande omdebatterat om Reagans reformer ledde till en förbättring av ekonomin eller om det var andra faktorer som var avgörande.

Problemet med en analys av dylika skattereformer är att de tenderar att bli spekulativa (till exempel kan det antas vara för tidigt att analysera skattesänkningarna Bush genomförde 2001-03) eller kontrafaktiska (vad hade hänt med ekonomin om inte 9/11 inträffat, etc.). En faktor man måste ha i åtanke är när i den ekonomiska cykeln reformen sker (vilket kan vara svårt att avgöra i förväg, eftersom cykler inte alltid är lätta att förutse).

Ett exempel på att Lafferkurvan utelämnar andra faktorer var när Ryssland genomförde en inkomstskattereform 2001, som innebar en platt inkomstskatt på 13%. Reformen följdes av ökade skatteintäkter de följande åren. I ett sådant läge vore det förstås öppet mål för en lafferist att påpeka att att Ryssland genom att sänka skatterna uppnått högre statliga intäkter, genom att fler anser det lönt att gå från odeklarerade inkomster till deklarerade, fler arbetar, mm. Men i Rysslands fall spelar en faktor som som stigande eller sjunkande energipriser - och därmed skatteintäkterna från dessa - också roll för såväl statens inkomster som avdragsrätter för företag, boendekostnader mm.

Lafferkurvan används gärna av politiker, men alla skattesänkningar behöver inte vara som Bushs (ofinansierade och främst för höginkomsttagare). Det kan bli intressant att om några år se om Anders Borgs "jobbavdrag" - parat med reformer av ersättningssystem och arbetsgivaravgifter - kan sägas ha lett till ökade skatteinkomster (minskningen i statliga utgifter borträknad då).

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